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<h2 id="信息的特征"><a href="#信息的特征" class="headerlink" title="信息的特征"></a>信息的特征</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">* 客观性</span><br><span class="line">* 普遍性</span><br><span class="line">* 无限性</span><br><span class="line">* 动态性</span><br><span class="line">* 相对性</span><br><span class="line">* 依附性</span><br><span class="line">* 变换性</span><br><span class="line">* 传递性</span><br><span class="line">* 层次性</span><br><span class="line">* 系统性</span><br><span class="line">* 转化性</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="信息的质量属性"><a href="#信息的质量属性" class="headerlink" title="信息的质量属性 *"></a>信息的质量属性 *</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">口诀：精完可及经验安</span><br><span class="line">* 精确性</span><br><span class="line">* 完整性</span><br><span class="line">* 可靠性</span><br><span class="line">* 及时性</span><br><span class="line">* 经济性</span><br><span class="line">* 可验证性</span><br><span class="line">* 安全性</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="信息的传输模型"><a href="#信息的传输模型" class="headerlink" title="信息的传输模型"></a>信息的传输模型</h2><p><img src="16718499717217.jpg"><img src="1700615731581.png" alt="1700615731581"></p>
<h2 id="系统的概念"><a href="#系统的概念" class="headerlink" title="系统的概念"></a>系统的概念</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">系统是指由一系列互相联系、相互依赖、互相作用的事物或过程组成的具有整体功能和综合行为的统一体。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="系统的特性"><a href="#系统的特性" class="headerlink" title="系统的特性"></a>系统的特性</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">* 目的性</span><br><span class="line">* 整体性</span><br><span class="line">* 层次性</span><br><span class="line">* 稳定性</span><br><span class="line">* 突变性</span><br><span class="line">* 自组织性</span><br><span class="line">* 相似性</span><br><span class="line">* 相关性</span><br><span class="line">* 环境适应性</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="信息系统的特性"><a href="#信息系统的特性" class="headerlink" title="信息系统的特性"></a>信息系统的特性</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">* 开放性</span><br><span class="line">* 脆弱性</span><br><span class="line">* 健壮性（鲁棒性）</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="信息化的五个层次"><a href="#信息化的五个层次" class="headerlink" title="信息化的五个层次"></a>信息化的五个层次</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">速记词：产企业国社</span><br><span class="line">* 产品信息化</span><br><span class="line">* 企业信息化</span><br><span class="line">* 产业信息化</span><br><span class="line">* 国民经济信息化</span><br><span class="line">* 社会生活信息化</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="信息化的核心"><a href="#信息化的核心" class="headerlink" title="信息化的核心"></a>信息化的核心</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">主体：全体社会成员</span><br><span class="line">手段：现代信息技术的先进社会生产工具</span><br><span class="line">途径：创建信息时代社会生产力，并推动生产关系和上层建筑的改革</span><br><span class="line">目标：国家的综合实力、社会的文明素质和人民的生活质量全面提升</span><br><span class="line">时域：一个长期的过程</span><br><span class="line">空域：政治、经济、文化、军事和社会的一切领域</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="两网、一站、四库、十二金"><a href="#两网、一站、四库、十二金" class="headerlink" title="两网、一站、四库、十二金"></a>两网、一站、四库、十二金</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">一站：中国政府网</span><br><span class="line">两网：政务内网、政务外网</span><br><span class="line">四库：资源地理基础信息库、法人单位基础信息库、人口基础信息库、宏观经济信息库</span><br><span class="line">十二金：金税、金关、金盾、金审、金财、金保、金农、金水、金质、金融监管、宏观经济管理、办公业务资源</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">金土、金信不属于十二金</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="信息化体系六要素"><a href="#信息化体系六要素" class="headerlink" title="信息化体系六要素"></a>信息化体系六要素</h2><p><img src="1700615747537.png" alt="1700615747537"><img src="16718505051929.jpg"></p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">速记词：上鹰下鸡左人右龟</span><br><span class="line">上：信息技术应用  龙头</span><br><span class="line">下：信息技术和产业 建设基础</span><br><span class="line">左：信息化人才 关键</span><br><span class="line">右：信息化政策法规和标准规范  保障</span><br><span class="line">中：信息资源  核心</span><br><span class="line">中下：信息网络 基础设施</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="信息系统的生命周期-四阶段"><a href="#信息系统的生命周期-四阶段" class="headerlink" title="信息系统的生命周期-四阶段"></a>信息系统的生命周期-四阶段</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">速记词：花开云散</span><br><span class="line">* 立项阶段</span><br><span class="line">    * 初步构想，形成需求规格说明书，批准后立项</span><br><span class="line">* 开发阶段</span><br><span class="line">    * 系统分析，设计，实施，验收等</span><br><span class="line">* 运维阶段</span><br><span class="line">    * 更正性维护，适应性维护，完善性维护，预防性维护</span><br><span class="line">* 消亡阶段</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<p>更正性维护</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">修改bug</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<p>适应性维护</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">为使系统适应环境变化而进行的维护工作</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<p>完善性维护</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">扩充原有功能</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<p>预防性维护</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">针对未来的维护</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="信息系统的生命周期-五阶段"><a href="#信息系统的生命周期-五阶段" class="headerlink" title="信息系统的生命周期-五阶段 *"></a>信息系统的生命周期-五阶段 *</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">* 系统规划阶段</span><br><span class="line">    * 发展战略，分析预测，考虑约束，研究必要性和可能性，输出系统设计任务书</span><br><span class="line">* 系统分析阶段（逻辑设计阶段）</span><br><span class="line">    * 提粗新系统的逻辑模型，输出 系统说明书（做什么）</span><br><span class="line">* 系统设计阶段（物理设计阶段）</span><br><span class="line">    * 设计新系统的物理模型，分概要设计和详细设计，输出系统设计说明书（怎么做）</span><br><span class="line">* 系统实施阶段</span><br><span class="line">    * 系统测试分析报告</span><br><span class="line">* 系统运行和维护阶段</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="信息系统开发方法"><a href="#信息系统开发方法" class="headerlink" title="信息系统开发方法"></a>信息系统开发方法</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">* 结构化开发方法</span><br><span class="line">    * 瀑布模型</span><br><span class="line">* 面向对象方法（OO）</span><br><span class="line">    * 一些大型信息系统的开发，通常是将结构化方法和OO方法结合，先使用结构化方法进行自顶向下的整体划分，然后自底向上采用OO方法进行开发。</span><br><span class="line">* 原型化方法</span><br><span class="line">    * 按是否实现功能分为 水平原型和垂直原型</span><br><span class="line">    * 按最终结果分为 抛弃型原型和进化型原型</span><br><span class="line">    * 原型法使用分析层面难度大，技术层面难度不大的系统，他不是一种独立的系统开发方法，而只是一种开发思想，因此他必须与其他开发方法结合使用。</span><br><span class="line">* 面向服务的方法（SO）</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="OSI协议"><a href="#OSI协议" class="headerlink" title="OSI协议"></a>OSI协议</h2><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">速记词：巫术忘传会飚鹰</span><br><span class="line">* 物理层 FDDI、RS232、V35、RJ_45</span><br><span class="line">* 数据层 HDLC、SDLC、PPP、ATM、IEEE802.3/.2</span><br><span class="line">* 网络层 IP、ICMP、IGMP、IPX、ARP</span><br><span class="line">* 传输层 TCP、UDP、SPX</span><br><span class="line">* 会话层 SQL、NFS、RPC</span><br><span class="line">* 表示层 GIF、JPEG、DES、ASCII、mpeg</span><br><span class="line">* 应用层 FTP、SMTP、HTTP、Telnet</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="网络存储技术"><a href="#网络存储技术" class="headerlink" title="网络存储技术"></a>网络存储技术</h2><blockquote>
<p>直接附加存储 DAS</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">DAS 方式很难扩展，数据处理和传输能力低</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<p>网络附加存储 NAS</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">支持即插即用</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<p>存储区域网络 SAN</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">通过专用交换机将磁盘阵列与服务器连接起来的高速专用子网，价格贵</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="中间件分类"><a href="#中间件分类" class="headerlink" title="中间件分类"></a>中间件分类</h2><blockquote>
<p>底层型中间件</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">JVM,CLR,ACE,JDBC,ODBC...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<p>通用型中间件</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">J2EE,MOM,COM.CORBA...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<p>集成型中间件</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">EAI,WORK FLOW...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>一、压缩工期的方法：1、控制成本的前提下进行赶工；2、控制风险的前提下快速跟进；3、投入更多更优质的资源和指派经验更丰富的人员；4、征得业主同意减小活动范围或降低活动要求；5、通过改进方法和新技术提高生产效率；6、加强质量管理，及时发现问题，减少返工，从而缩短工期。</p>
<p>二、成本失控的原因：1，对工程项目认识不足；2，组织制度不健全；3，方法问题；4，技术制约；5，需求管理不当。</p>
<p>三、冲突管理策略：1、撤退&#x2F;回避；2、缓和&#x2F;包容；3、妥协&#x2F;调解；4、强迫&#x2F;命令；5、合作&#x2F;解决问题。</p>
<p>四、冲突的特点速记：自团公问现。1、冲突是自然的，要找出一个解决办法；2、冲突是一个团队问题，不是某个人的问题；3、应公开处理冲突；4、冲突的解决聚焦问题而不是人身gong击；5、冲突的解决聚焦在现在而不是过去。</p>
<p>五、规划风险应对：1、回避：去掉有风险的工作包；2、转移：购买保险或第三方担保；3、减轻：雇佣经验丰富员工，更多测试，增加冗余；4、开拓：分配Zui好的资源和人，Zui大经费保障，Zui优政策，一把手带队；5、分享：合资公司，股份制；6：提高：为尽早完成活动而增加资源；7：接受：准备应急计划，建立应急储备。</p>
<p>六、变更控制流程速记：提初论审，时间评判。1、提出与接受变更申请；2、对变更的初审；3、变更方案论证；4、项目管理委员会审查；5、发出变更通知并组织实施；6、变更实施的监控；7、变更效果的评估；8、判断发生变更后的项目是否已纳入正常轨道。</p>
<p>七、质量管理七种工具：1、寻找原因用因果图鱼骨图石川图；2、未来结果预测、预测偏差用趋势图；3、引起少数问题Zui大原因用排列图，也叫帕累托图、80&#x2F;20法则、二八法则；4、项目是否稳定、是否在可控制范围内、项目整体情况用控制图；5、过程变量的分布形状和宽度来确定过程中出现的问题用直方图；6、两个变量间是否可能存在关系用散点图。</p>
<p>八、项目章程速记：目测要描风，进预审派发。1、项目目的或批准项目的原因；2、项目目标或成功标准；3、总体要求；4、概括性项目描述；5、主要风险；6、里程碑进度计划；7、总体预算；8、审批要求；9、任命项目经理及其权责；10、发起人和其他批准项目章程人员姓名职权。</p>
<p>九、ISO9000质量管理8项原则速记：客户领全锅，管理改事例。1、以客户为中心；2、领导作用；3、全员参与；4、过程方法；5、管理的系统方法；6、持续改进；7、基于事实的决策方法；8、与供方互利关系。</p>
<p>十、质量成本有两种：1、一致性成本：预防（如培训）成本、评价（如测试、检查）成本，用来预防项目失败的费用；2、非一致性成本：内部（项目组主动发现问题并弥补发生的成本）和外部（已经客户或社会造成的损失，如返工）失败成本，是用来处理失败的费用。</p>
<p>十一、团队组建的工具：1、预分派；2、谈判；3、招募；4、虚拟团队；5、多标准决策分析。团队建设的工具：1、人际关系技能；2、培训；3、团队建设活动；4、基本规则；5、集中办公；6、认可与奖励。加强员工交流机会：1、办公环境改造；2、组织结构扁平化；3、设置虚拟网络社区。</p>
<p>十二、范围说明书速记：产验可除制假。1、产品的范围描述；2、验收标准；3、可交付成果；4、项目的主要责任；5、制约因素；6、假设条件。</p>
<p>十一、项目经理应具备的能力：1，行业知识和专业技术知识；2，全面的项目管理知识和丰富的项目管理经验和能力；3，良好的沟通技能和解决冲突的能力；4，团队建设能力，鼓舞激励团队成员的技能；5，良好的道德素质，健康的身体素质；6，系统的思维能力，积极的创新能力。</p>
<p>以上论文中都可以用到。</p>
</article><div class="post-copyright"><div class="post-copyright__author"><span class="post-copyright-meta"><i class="fas fa-circle-user fa-fw"></i>文章作者: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="https://houyudong1989.gitee.io/blog">侯玉东</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__type"><span class="post-copyright-meta"><i class="fas fa-square-arrow-up-right fa-fw"></i>文章链接: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="https://houyudong1989.gitee.io/blog/2023/07/12/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86/1%E3%80%81%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/">https://houyudong1989.gitee.io/blog/2023/07/12/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86/1%E3%80%81%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__notice"><span class="post-copyright-meta"><i class="fas fa-circle-exclamation fa-fw"></i>版权声明: 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class="toc-content"><ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#1%E3%80%81%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">1、信息技术与管理基础</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">信息的基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">信息的特征</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">信息的质量属性 *</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">信息的传输模型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">系统的概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-number">1.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">系统的特性</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-number">1.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">信息系统的特性</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%AA%E5%B1%82%E6%AC%A1"><span class="toc-number">1.8.</span> <span class="toc-text">信息化的五个层次</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83"><span class="toc-number">1.9.</span> <span class="toc-text">信息化的核心</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%A4%E7%BD%91%E3%80%81%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%99%E3%80%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%93%E3%80%81%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%91"><span class="toc-number">1.10.</span> <span class="toc-text">两网、一站、四库、十二金</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%AD%E8%A6%81%E7%B4%A0"><span class="toc-number">1.11.</span> <span class="toc-text">信息化体系六要素</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F-%E5%9B%9B%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.12.</span> <span class="toc-text">信息系统的生命周期-四阶段</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F-%E4%BA%94%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5"><span class="toc-number">1.13.</span> <span class="toc-text">信息系统的生命周期-五阶段 *</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">1.14.</span> <span class="toc-text">信息系统开发方法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#OSI%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.15.</span> <span class="toc-text">OSI协议</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.16.</span> <span class="toc-text">网络存储技术</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">1.17.</span> <span 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